Ground Turkey Meatloaf Recipe: A Simple and Healthy Dinner for Busy Nights
Ever reach the end of a long day and wonder what to make for dinner? Between work, errands, and helping the kids with schoolwork, spending hours in the kitchen is usually the last thing anyone wants. That’s where this Ground Turkey Meatloaf Recipe comes in handy.
Packed with flavor, easy to prepare, and made with everyday ingredients, this dish offers a lighter alternative to traditional beef meatloaf without sacrificing taste. While turkey sometimes gets a reputation for being bland or dry, a few simple techniques can transform it into a tender, juicy meal your whole family will look forward to.
One of the best things about this recipe is its flexibility. You can easily adjust the ingredients to match your family’s preferences, whether they enjoy extra vegetables, a sweet and tangy glaze, or different seasonings. Once it’s in the oven, it practically cooks itself, giving you time to focus on everything else that needs your attention.
Key Takeaways
- Ground Turkey Meatloaf Recipe offers a healthier alternative to traditional beef meatloaf while maintaining great flavor and texture.
- Keeping the meatloaf moist is simple when you use the right turkey blend and properly prepare the breadcrumbs.
- Preparation takes only about 15 minutes before the oven takes over.
- The recipe can be customized to suit different tastes and dietary preferences.
- A classic ketchup glaze provides a familiar balance of sweetness and tanginess.
- Leftovers are perfect for sandwiches, lunches, or even homemade meatballs.
- It’s an ideal solution when you need a quick, nutritious, and satisfying weeknight meal.
Why This Ground Tu
rkey Meatloaf Recipe Works So Well for Busy Families
Weeknight dinners don’t have to be stressful. This Ground Turkey Meatloaf Recipe combines convenience, nutrition, and comforting flavors in one easy dish. It’s the kind of meal that fits seamlessly into a busy schedule while still feeling homemade.
Fast Preparation for Hectic Weeknights
When time is limited, simplicity matters. This recipe comes together quickly with just a few basic steps. Mix the ingredients, shape the loaf, and place it in the oven. From there, you can tackle other tasks while dinner cooks.
No complicated cooking methods or special skills are required, making it a reliable option even on your busiest days.
Made with Everyday Pantry Staples
Most of the ingredients are probably already in your kitchen. Common items like ground turkey, eggs, breadcrumbs, and seasonings form the foundation of the recipe. Chances are you already have ketchup and mustard on hand as well.
Because it relies on simple ingredients, there’s usually no need for a last-minute grocery run.
Ingredients you’ll likely already have:
- Ground turkey
- Eggs
- Breadcrumbs
- Ketchup
- Mustard
- Basic seasonings
A Lighter Alternative to Classic Beef Meatloaf
Choosing turkey instead of beef is an easy way to reduce saturated fat while still enjoying a hearty, protein-rich meal. Ground turkey, especially a 93/7 blend, delivers plenty of protein with fewer calories and less fat.
A typical serving provides around 25 grams of protein while containing significantly less fat than traditional beef meatloaf. That means you can enjoy a comforting dinner while making a healthier choice for your family.
Best of all, this recipe proves that nutritious meals don’t have to feel like a compromise. It delivers the familiar comfort of meatloaf with a lighter, more balanced nutritional profile.
| Nutrient (3 oz serving) | Ground Turkey (93/7) | Ground Beef (80/20) |
|---|---|---|
| Protein | 22g | 21g |
| Saturated Fat | 2g | 6g |
| Total Fat | 5g | 13g |
| Calories | 120 | 180 |
Essential Ingredients for a Moist Turkey Meatloaf
A tender, juicy meatloaf starts with choosing the right ingredients. Before you begin mixing, gather everything you’ll need to ensure the flavors blend evenly and the texture turns out perfectly.
Using quality ingredients and the proper balance of moisture-rich components helps create a meatloaf that’s flavorful, tender, and anything but dry. With the right combination, this Ground Turkey Meatloaf Recipe becomes a dependable family favorite you’ll want to make again and again.
The base of your meatloaf is 2 lbs ground turkey (93% lean/7% fat). This mix keeps it moist and healthy. Add 1 large egg plus 1 yolk to bind and enrich the meat.
For structure and moisture, choose the right breadcrumbs. Use 3/4 cup Italian breadcrumbs for flavor or panko breadcrumbs for a lighter texture. Mix them with milk or half-and-half to create a panade. This absorbs liquid and keeps the meat tender.
Flavor comes from 1/2 red onion or white onion, minced garlic, and herbs like dill weed, parsley, sage, and marjoram. Add 3 tbsp soy sauce, Worcestershire sauce, and dijon mustard for depth.
Season with black pepper, garlic powder, and seasoning salt. A bit of 2 tbsp brown sugar in the glaze adds balance.
| Ingredient | Amount | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| Ground turkey (93/7) | 2 lbs | Lean protein base |
| Eggs (whole plus yolk) | 1 large + 1 yolk | Binding and richness |
| Italian breadcrumbs | 3/4 cup | Structure and moisture |
| Milk | 1/3 cup | Moisture absorption |
| Red onion | 1/2 medium | Aromatics |
| Garlic | 3-4 cloves | Flavor depth |
| Soy sauce | 3 tbsp | Umami enhancement |
| Worcestershire sauce | 1 tbsp | Tangy complexity |
| Dijon mustard | 1 tbsp | Flavor lift |
| Black pepper | To taste | Seasoning |
| Garlic powder | 1 tsp | Concentrated garlic |
| Brown sugar | 2 tbsp | Glaze sweetness |
| Ketchup | 3/4 cup | Glaze base |
| Shredded cheddar cheese | Optional 1/2 cup | Added flavor |
| Riced broccoli | Optional 1/2 cup | Vegetable boost |
Optional ingredients let you customize. Add shredded cheddar cheese for richness or riced broccoli for veggies. These choices depend on your taste and what you have at home.
The Secret to Keeping Your Turkey Meatloaf from Drying Out
Keeping ground turkey meatloaf moist and flavorful is a big challenge. Turkey is lean, which can make it dry out fast. But, you can use three simple tricks to make sure your meatloaf is always juicy and tasty.
Choosing the Right Ground Turkey Fat Ratio
Start by picking the right ground turkey at the store. Stay away from extra lean turkey. Use the 93/7 ground turkey instead. This extra fat makes the meatloaf moist and flavorful.
Choosing the right fat ratio means your meatloaf will be tender. The fat melts while baking, keeping every bite juicy.
The Panade Method for Extra Moisture
The panade method is a game-changer. It involves soaking breadcrumbs in milk while you prepare the rest of the recipe. This technique adds a light, juicy texture to your meatloaf.
This simple step makes your meatloaf amazing. The panade absorbs moisture, making your meat mixture evenly wet.
Why Soaking Breadcrumbs Makes All the Difference
Soaking breadcrumbs is key. Mix eggs, milk, and breadcrumbs, then wait 10 minutes. This step prevents dry breadcrumbs in your meatloaf.
After soaking, your mixture should be thick and paste-like. This step is important. It ensures your meatloaf is moist all the way through.
- Use 93/7 ground turkey, not extra lean
- Combine breadcrumbs with milk and eggs
- Wait the full 10 minutes for proper hydration
- Check for a thick paste consistency
By following these three steps, your meatloaf will always be moist and delicious.
Step-by-Step Instructions for Easy Ground Turkey Meatloaf
Making ground turkey meatloaf at home is easy. Follow these steps and you’ll get a moist, tasty dish everyone will enjoy. Let’s go through it together.
Preparing Your Ingredients
First, preheat your oven. Choose 350°F or 375°F, whichever you prefer. While it heats up, soak breadcrumbs in milk for 10 minutes. This step helps prevent a dry meatloaf.
While waiting, prepare your aromatics. You can sauté onions and garlic in butter until golden, which takes 5-7 minutes. Or, grate onion directly into your mix if you’re short on time.
Combining Your Mixture
After soaking, mix all ingredients in a big bowl. Add ground turkey, eggs, seasonings, and optional veggies like riced broccoli. You can also sauté onions with soy sauce and brown sugar for extra flavor. Mix everything gently until just combined. Don’t overmix to avoid a dense texture.
| Mixing Method | Cooking Temperature | Baking Time | Final Internal Temperature |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hand-mixed, loaf pan | 375°F | 40-45 minutes | 160°F |
| Hand-mixed, parchment sheet | 375°F | 45-60 minutes | 165°F |
| Combined, free-form loaf | 350°F | 45 minutes | 175°F |
Shaping and Glazing
You can shape your meatloaf in two ways. Press it into a loaf pan lined with parchment for juicier results. Or, form loaves on a parchment-lined baking sheet for a free-form shape.
Then, coat with glaze by spreading half your ketchup glaze over the top. Make sure the glaze is cool before applying it.
Baking and Resting
Bake for 40-45 minutes or 45-60 minutes, depending on your pan and oven. Use a thermometer to check if it’s done—aim for 160-165°F in the center.
Don’t skip the resting step: let it rest for 30 minutes before slicing. This makes the meatloaf juicy and easy to slice.
- Soak breadcrumbs in milk for better moisture
- Sauté aromatics for enhanced flavor
- Mix by hand gently to avoid dense texture
- Check internal temperature for doneness
- Rest before serving for best results
Making the Perfect Ketchup Glaze
A great glaze can turn your ground turkey meatloaf into a dish that wows everyone. The right mix of sweet, tangy, and savory flavors makes a crust that’s irresistible. Making your own glaze means you get to choose exactly what goes into it, making it better than store-bought.
To make the perfect glaze, start by thinking about the flavors you want. You can go for a simple mix or try something more complex. Both ways work great on turkey meatloaf.
Sweet and Tangy Glaze Recipe
Start with ingredients you probably have at home. Mix 3/4 cup ketchup, 2 tsp yellow mustard, 1/4 cup brown sugar, and 1/4 tsp black pepper. This combo gives you a balanced taste without being too complicated.
For a richer flavor, try this mix: 3/4 cup ketchup, 1/4 cup dark brown sugar, 1.5 tsp dried mustard powder, 1 tbsp Worcestershire, 1 tbsp apple cider vinegar, 2-3 dashes liquid smoke, and 1/4 tsp black pepper. The Worcestershire adds depth, the vinegar brightens it, and the liquid smoke gives that smoky taste everyone loves.
Put your ingredients in a small saucepan over medium-low heat. Whisk until smooth and let it simmer for 5 minutes. Stir now and then until it thickens a bit. This step makes the flavors stronger and gets your glaze ready to use.
When to Apply the Glaze for Best Results
When you glaze your meatloaf, timing is key. Use half the glaze to cover the raw meatloaf before baking. Poke holes in the top with a knife so the glaze can soak in as it cooks.
Spread the glaze all over the top and sides. It will get caramelized in the oven, turning into a beautiful mahogany crust. Save the rest for serving on the side. Let everyone add more sauce to their meatloaf.
In the last 10 minutes of baking, brush on more glaze for a shiny finish. Be careful not to burn it. This final touch makes your meatloaf look as good as it tastes.
Ingredient Swaps and Customization Options
Make your ground turkey meatloaf recipe your own by swapping ingredients. This way, you can make a dish that fits your family’s needs without losing flavor or texture. Knowing how different swaps change your dish helps you cook with confidence.
The binder you pick changes your meatloaf’s texture and health benefits. Try gluten-free oats by blending them until they’re like breadcrumbs. They make your meatloaf denser and add fiber. Almond flour gives a nutty taste and is good for low-carb diets. For those avoiding gluten, gluten-free breadcrumbs are a great choice. Crushed pork rinds are a zero-carb option that boosts protein.
Liquid seasonings let you customize your dish. Swap soy sauce for coconut aminos for a soy-free, gluten-free option with a sweeter taste. Tamari is a gluten-free soy sauce with a richer flavor. Brown sugar can be replaced with honey, maple syrup, or monk fruit sweetener. Honey and maple syrup add unique flavors, while monk fruit sweetener is calorie-free, perfect for diabetics.
| Original Ingredient | Swap Option | Best For | Texture/Flavor Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Breadcrumbs | Gluten-free oats (pulsed) | Whole grain seekers | Heartier, adds fiber |
| Breadcrumbs | Almond flour | Low-carb diets | Nutty flavor, denser |
| Breadcrumbs | Crushed pork rinds | Keto followers | Extra protein, crispier |
| Soy sauce | Coconut aminos | Soy-free needs | Sweeter, milder |
| Soy sauce | Tamari | Gluten-free option | Richer, complex |
| Brown sugar | Honey or maple syrup | Natural sweeteners | Distinct flavor profiles |
| Brown sugar | Monk fruit sweetener | Diabetic-friendly | Zero calories, clean taste |
| Eggs | Flax eggs (1 tbsp flaxseed meal + 3 tbsp water) | Vegan option | Slightly different texture |
| Ground turkey | Ground chicken | Similar results | Very comparable |
| Ground turkey | Ground beef (85/15 or 90/10) | Traditional taste | Richer flavor, more fat |
Choosing your protein is flexible. Ground chicken is almost the same as turkey, while ground beef adds a richer taste. Mixing half turkey with half beef or pork gives a lighter taste but more flavor than all turkey.
For vegan versions, flax eggs can replace eggs. Mix 1 tablespoon flaxseed meal with 3 tablespoons water per egg. Let it sit for 5 minutes until it’s gel-like. This binds your meatloaf well, though it might feel a bit different.
Customize your veggies by swapping riced broccoli with riced cauliflower or finely chopped spinach. Each change affects moisture, cooking time, and taste, offering endless options to suit your taste.
Adding Vegetables to Boost Nutrition
Vegetables make your ground turkey meatloaf super nutritious. Adding fresh or frozen veggies boosts fiber, vitamins, and minerals. They also keep your dish moist and tasty. The trick is to pick veggies that mix well with the meat and cook them right to avoid a soggy or falling-apart meatloaf.
Using Riced Broccoli or Cauliflower
Riced veggies are great for adding nutrition without being noticed. They blend well into the turkey mix and stay hidden in the final dish. Your family will enjoy the health benefits without even realizing it.
Riced broccoli is packed with vitamin C, vitamin K, and folate. Riced cauliflower offers similar nutrients but with a milder taste. Start with one cup of riced veggies for every two pounds of turkey.
Drainage matters. Too much moisture makes the meatloaf soggy. Thaw frozen riced veggies and squeeze out excess water with a clean towel before mixing them in.
Sautéed Onions for Enhanced Flavor
Sautéed onions take your meatloaf to the next level. Heat butter in a skillet over medium-high. Add diced onions and cook for 4-5 minutes until they start to brown. This step is worth the extra time.
For even more flavor, sauté red onion with olive oil, soy sauce, black pepper, and brown sugar until caramelized. This method, known as a “game-changer,” adds just 3 minutes to prep. It turns simple onions into a flavorful delight.
Add minced garlic to the onions in the last 2-3 minutes of cooking. Let it cool a bit before mixing it into the turkey.
Incorporating Spinach and Other Greens
Leafy greens like spinach add iron, calcium, and vitamins A and K. They don’t change the texture. Use fresh spinach (about 1-2 cups finely chopped) or frozen spinach.
Frozen spinach needs special care. Thaw it completely, then squeeze out all moisture with a clean towel. Wet spinach can make your meatloaf soggy and unpleasant.
- Fresh spinach—finely chop and mix directly into turkey
- Frozen spinach—thaw and squeeze completely dry
- Kale—remove tough stems and chop finely
- Swiss chard—chop into small pieces
Use one to two cups of veggies for every two pounds of turkey. Proper preparation ensures they enhance your meatloaf’s texture and taste.
Baking Tips for Perfect Texture Every Time
Getting the right texture in your turkey meatloaf starts before you put it in the oven. The way you mix the ingredients is key. Always mix by hand. This method is the easiest way to mix without overdoing it.
With your hands, you can feel when everything is just right. This way, you avoid making the meat too dense. Overmixing can make your meatloaf feel like sausage instead of tender meat.
The type of pan you use can also affect the meatloaf’s texture. I tried baking it in a loaf pan and on a baking sheet. The loaf pan made it juicier.
Line your pan with parchment paper for easy cleanup. Press the mixture firmly to get rid of air pockets. This helps keep the meat moist.
Temperature control is crucial for safety and quality. Use a thermometer to check the meat’s temperature. Always aim for 160ºF in the center. As it rests, it will reach the full 165 F.
Place your meatloaf in the center of the oven for even heat. This ensures it cooks perfectly.
The resting period is often overlooked but very important. Let the meatloaf rest for about 30 minutes. This lets the juices settle back into the meat, making it easier to slice.
Don’t be tempted to cut into it right away. Tent it loosely with foil if you’re worried about it cooling down. This keeps it warm enough to serve while the juices settle.
- Mix ingredients by hand to avoid overworking the meat
- Use a loaf pan for juicier results than baking freeform
- Insert thermometer into the thickest center section
- Rest the meatloaf for 20-30 minutes before slicing
- Place on center oven rack for even cooking
Serving Suggestions and Side Dish Pairings
Your ground turkey meatloaf needs the right sides to complete the meal. It goes well with almost any side. Choose what sounds good to you and what your family likes.
Classic Comfort Food Sides
For true comfort, pick hearty sides that soak up the meatloaf glaze. Mashed potatoes are a top choice. You can make them with creme fraiche, mascarpone, or just butter.
Twice baked potatoes are a fancy option. Cheesy potato casserole adds warmth. Baked mac and cheese is a hit with kids. Potato salad is a cool side if you prefer.
Here are some potato-based sides:
- Creme fraiche mashed potatoes or mascarpone mashed potatoes
- Loaded twice baked potatoes with cheese and bacon
- Cheesy potato casserole
- Baked mac and cheese
- Classic potato salad
Try Southern-style sides like cornbread, biscuits, or dinner rolls. They soak up the glaze nicely.
Lighter Vegetable Options
Add fresh veggies for nutrition and crunch. Green beans are a classic choice. You can steam them, roast them with garlic, or make them fancy with shallots.
Roasted carrots with honey or balsamic vinegar are tasty. Honey roasted Brussels sprouts are crispy and sweet. Garlic green beans are simple but savory. Miso Brussels sprouts add depth. Creamed spinach is rich but light. Boiled corn on the cob is sweet and contrasts with savory meatloaf.
Choose from these veggie options:
| Vegetable Option | Preparation Method | Best For |
|---|---|---|
| Haricot Verts | Roasted with shallots and garlic | Elegant dinners |
| Honey Roasted Brussels Sprouts | Roasted until crispy with honey glaze | Caramelized flavor lovers |
| Garlic Green Beans | Steamed or sautéed with garlic | Quick weeknight meals |
| Roasted Carrots | Roasted with balsamic vinegar or honey | Sweet and savory balance |
| Miso Brussels Sprouts | Roasted with miso paste coating | Umami depth |
| Creamed Spinach | Sautéed with cream and garlic | Rich vegetable lovers |
| Boiled Corn on the Cob | Boiled or grilled with butter | Natural sweetness |
A simple salad adds freshness and crunch. Roasted veggie medleys are easy sheet-pan sides that cook while your meatloaf bakes.
Balance your plate with sides. If you choose rich sides like mashed potatoes and baked mac and cheese, add a lighter veggie. This keeps dinner satisfying without feeling too heavy.
Think about leftovers. Meatloaf sandwiches are great for next-day lunches. Keep your sides simple so you have enough meatloaf for these tasty sandwiches.
Storage and Meal Prep Ideas
Ground turkey meatloaf is a smart dish for planning ahead. When you make this turkey loaf, the great news is that meatloaf is even better the next day. This happens because the flavors meld together as the dish sits in your refrigerator. Leftovers simply mean you don’t have to cook dinner the following night, which saves time on busy weekdays. Many home cooks intentionally double the recipe for this reason, creating instant meals for hectic evenings.
Let your cooked meatloaf cool completely before storing it. Never leave it sitting at room temperature for more than two hours. Once cooled, store your leftover meatloaf in an airtight container in the fridge for up to 5 days. Slicing the meatloaf before storage makes reheating easier because you can warm just the portions you need.
Refrigerating and Freezing Leftovers
Your turkey meatloaf slices beautifully and reheats perfectly for easy weeknight dinners all week. Store leftovers in the refrigerator for up to 4 days in a sealed container. When reheating refrigerated slices, use a 350°F oven for 10-15 minutes to preserve the best texture. You can add a splash of water or broth to keep the meat moist during warming.
For longer storage, wrap the leftover meatloaf tightly in plastic wrap and place inside a freezer-safe ziplock bag. This helps prevent freezer burn when you freeze slices for up to 3 months wrapped individually. Press out as much air as possible from the bag before freezing. Defrost overnight in the fridge before re-warming to ensure food safety.
- Cool meatloaf completely to room temperature
- Use an airtight container for refrigerator storage
- Keep refrigerated leftovers for up to 5 days maximum
- Wrap frozen portions individually in plastic wrap
- Freeze slices for up to 3 months in ziplock bags
- Thaw frozen portions overnight in the refrigerator
Turning Meatloaf into Meatballs
You can transform your turkey mixture into meatballs for a versatile meal prep option. Scoop and roll the meat mixture into about 1 1/2 inch meatballs and place them on an aluminum foil-lined baking sheet. Spritz with olive oil, which helps with browning, and bake for 20-24 minutes until meatballs are cooked through and have reached an internal temperature of 165°F.
Meatballs offer excellent portioning for freezing. You can remove exactly the quantity you need from your freezer without thawing the entire batch. Frozen cooked meatballs reheat quickly in a 350°F oven for about 15-20 minutes. Use them in pasta dishes, meatball subs, soups, or as appetizers with dipping sauce.
| Storage Method | Time Frame | Storage Container |
|---|---|---|
| Refrigerate sliced meatloaf | Up to 5 days | Airtight container |
| Freeze individual slices | Up to 3 months | Plastic wrap plus ziplock bag |
| Freeze meatballs | Up to 3 months | Freezer-safe ziplock bag |
| Refrigerate meatballs | Up to 4 days | Airtight container |
Meal prep becomes simple when you have these options ready. Your perfect for meal prep meatloaf or meatballs let you skip cooking on nights when schedules get hectic. Store them properly, and you’ll have nutritious, home-cooked meals waiting whenever you need them.
Conclusion
This Ground Turkey Meatloaf Recipe is proof that a wholesome homemade dinner doesn’t have to be complicated. With simple ingredients, minimal prep time, and plenty of flavor, it’s an excellent choice for busy weeknights and family meals. The lean turkey provides a healthier alternative to traditional meatloaf while still delivering the comforting texture and taste everyone loves.
Whether you stick to the classic version or customize it with your favorite vegetables, seasonings, or glaze, this versatile recipe can easily become a regular part of your meal rotation. Plus, the leftovers make delicious lunches and quick meals for the next day. Give this Ground Turkey Meatloaf Recipe a try, and enjoy a satisfying dinner that’s both nutritious and easy to prepare.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do I keep a Ground Turkey Meatloaf Recipe from drying out?
The key is using the right ingredients to add moisture. Soaked breadcrumbs, eggs, and a turkey blend that isn’t too lean can help keep the meatloaf tender and juicy. Avoid overmixing the meat, as this can make the final texture dense and dry.
What is the best ground turkey to use for meatloaf?
Ground turkey with a 93/7 lean-to-fat ratio is often the best choice. It provides enough moisture and flavor without adding excessive fat.
Can I make Ground Turkey Meatloaf Recipe ahead of time?
Yes. You can prepare the meatloaf mixture up to 24 hours in advance and store it covered in the refrigerator until you’re ready to bake it.
How long does turkey meatloaf last in the refrigerator?
Cooked turkey meatloaf can be stored in an airtight container in the refrigerator for up to 4 days. Reheat individual slices as needed for quick meals.
Can I freeze Ground Turkey Meatloaf Recipe?
Absolutely. You can freeze the meatloaf either before or after cooking. Wrap it tightly and store it in the freezer for up to 3 months. Thaw overnight in the refrigerator before baking or reheating.
What can I serve with turkey meatloaf?
Turkey meatloaf pairs well with mashed potatoes, roasted vegetables, steamed green beans, rice, sweet potatoes, or a fresh garden salad.
Can I add vegetables to this recipe?
Yes. Finely chopped onions, carrots, bell peppers, mushrooms, or zucchini can be mixed into the meatloaf to add flavor, moisture, and extra nutrients.
How do I know when turkey meatloaf is fully cooked?
The safest way to check is with a meat thermometer. The internal temperature should reach 165°F (74°C) in the center before serving.
Can I use oats instead of breadcrumbs?
Yes. Rolled oats are a popular substitute for breadcrumbs and work well to help bind the ingredients while maintaining a tender texture.
Why is my turkey meatloaf falling apart?
A meatloaf may crumble if it doesn’t contain enough binding ingredients. Make sure you’re using enough eggs and breadcrumbs or oats, and allow the meatloaf to rest for a few minutes after baking before slicing.
